18.2. Polycentric Governance

The governance of Polycentric Region and all of their components also needs a corresponding polycentric (many-centered) structure…

Problem-statement: Most of the problems of cities and towns are embedded within inter-connected networks of partly overlapping sub-systems. To be effective, the governance systems of cities and towns need a similar structure.

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Discussion: It is crucial for each unit of governance to see itself as embedded within a larger cooperative system which is partly formal, and partly informal. The business of governance of public spaces is thus a matter of continuously negotiating agreements, identifying and resolving problems, working through conflicts (including with other units of governance) and promoting the best interest of the public realm as much as is possible within the constraints of the moment. This is the nature of “polycentric governance.”

The idea of polycentric governance was developed most thoroughly by the political economist Eleanor Ostrom1, who described a series of partly overlapping institutions (including governments, businesses, NGOs and individuals) working within a cooperative structure defined by agreements and basic rules. The concept goes back at least to the work of Michael Polanyi, and, as discussed more recently by Aligicka and Tarko2, is defined as “a social system of many decision centers having limited and autonomous prerogatives and operating under an overarching set of rules”. These rules include formal laws, contractual agreements, and informal or even tacit agreements between the polycentric entities.

Consider for example a restaurant with a sidewalk café. The restaurant does not own the sidewalk area, and in fact may not even own its building. It may have a lease with the building owner, and a permit with the city authority controlling the sidewalk. At the same time, the city may have authority over the cleanliness of the restaurant, as well as the fire safety of the building and its owner. In addition, a business association may have less formal control over the kind of signage and street furniture allowed on the sidewalk café. Finally, restaurant staff may have informal control over people who use the seating area, with the right to ask non-customers to leave — even though the staff does not own the sidewalk, does not own the building, and may not own the restaurant! Many overlapping layers of formal and informal governance come together in a network of relationships.

It is important therefore to respect and support these multiple levels of governance. Too often, however, centralized institutions (especially governments) suppress polycentric governance networks, often because they are simply more difficult to manage. This tendency must be resisted, in order to tap the superior problem-solving power of self-organizing and distributed networks.

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Therefore:

Structure the governance of place in your city, town or neighborhood as a series of many overlapping formal and informal institutions, a system of “polycentric governance.” Various institutions will have formal control over specific defined parts of a structure, but many other institutions will have overlapping and informal controls. Work to cooperate with these various entities from your own position or, very often, multiple positions.

Recognize and support the least structured forms of place governance, including Informal Stewardship. Assure that Public-Private Place Management is balanced, and does not serve the interest of private over public interests.

¹ See Ostrom, E. (2010). Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review, 100(3), 641-72.

² See Aligika, P. and Tarko, V. (2012). Polycentricity: From Polanyi to Ostrom, and Beyond. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 25(2), April 2012 (pp. 237–262).

Mehaffy, M. et al. (2020). POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE (pattern). In A New Pattern Language for Growing Regions. The Dalles: Sustasis Press. Available at https://pattern-language.wiki/.../Polycentric_Governance

18.2. Polycentric Governance

Aus Pattern Language Wiki

Therefore:

SECTION I:

PATTERNS OF SCALE

1. REGIONAL PATTERNS

2. URBAN PATTERNS

3. STREET PATTERNS

4. NEIGHBORHOOD PATTERNS

5. SPECIAL USE PATTERNS

6. PUBLIC SPACE PATTERNS

7. BLOCK AND PLOT PATTERNS

8. STREETSCAPE PATTERNS

9. BUILDING PATTERNS

10. BUILDING EDGE PATTERNS

SECTION II:

PATTERNS OF MULTIPLE SCALE

11. GEOMETRIC PATTERNS

12. AFFORDANCE PATTERNS

13. RETROFIT PATTERNS

14. INFORMAL GROWTH PATTERNS

15. CONSTRUCTION PATTERNS

SECTION III:

PATTERNS OF PROCESS

16. IMPLEMENTATION TOOL PATTERNS

17. PROJECT ECONOMICS PATTERNS

18. PLACE GOVERNANCE PATTERNS

19. AFFORDABILITY PATTERNS

20. NEW TECHNOLOGY PATTERNS